Description PRAMIATAPE Elastic is intended for fixation of wound dressings, particularly on joints, frequently moved and contoured parts of the body. Securing fixation of tubes, catheters, measuring devices and instruments.Boxed Contents: 1Warnings None Ingredients Not ApplicableDirection Secure device or joint with tape.Storage Instructions No
ALWAYS READ & FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE & HEALTH WARNINGS. DO NOT STICK DIRECTLY ON SKIN. THE APA IS RECEIVING COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATION FOR THE ENDORSEMENT OF HOTTEEZE.Description • Keeps your toes nice and warm• Self-heating- air activated• Self adhesive- sticks to socks• Designed to fit into men’s and women’s shoes• Up to 6 hours of heat• Eco-friendly - our specially formulated heat granulescan be tipp ed out onto your garden.• Thin & Comfortable• Odourless• Pad size- 96mm x 70mm• Max. temperature 38°C• Made in Japan• Endorsed by the Australian Physiotherapy Association*Boxed Contents: Contains 5 pairs of Hotteeze Feet Warmer Heat Pads. (10 pads)Size: 5 Pairs Warnings Please read all Safety Warnings provided with the product prior to using.
• KEEP HOTTEEZE OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN AND PETS.
• Hotteeze is not intended for use by persons (including children) with limited physical, sensory or mental abilities or lacking experience and/or knowledge, unless they are supervised by a person responsible for their safety or have received and understand the instructions/ safety warnings for use of the product from this person in advance.
• Only people in good health should use a heat pad. Not recommended for pregnant women when placed near the foetus, or people suffering from diabetes, circulatory or nervous system disorders. If in doubt consult a doctor.
• DO NOT PLACE HOTTEEZE DIRECTLY ON YOUR SKIN – HOTTEEZE ARE ONLY TO BE WORN OVER YOUR SOCKS. The adhesive is designed to stick safely on socks, not skin. Take extra care when wearing thin socks or stockings. USE ONLY WITH SHOES ON due to slipping hazard and to avoid excessive temperature increase when exposed to large amounts of air. DO NOT wear excessively tight shoes, as Hotteeze need oxygen to work properly. DO NOT use in shoes that are difficult to remove. NOT SUITABLE FOR SKI BOOTS.
• Burns may occur when objects hotter than body temperature are used for an extended period of time. Check skin periodically. Discontinue use immediately if you feel a burning sensation or if your skin gets red, uncomfortably hot, itchy or painful. Consult a doctor if symptoms persist. AVOID ALL CONTACT WITH SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES.
• DO NOT apply to socks in contact with frostbite, moles, scars or irritated/ inflamed/ swollen/ bruised/ damaged/ wounded/ burnt/ desensitised or sensitive skin.
• If Hotteeze ingredients come into contact with eyes, DO NOT scratch. Wash with water for 15 minutes and consult a doctor or a Poisons Information Centre immediately.
• DO NOT put Hotteeze in your mouth. In case of ingestion, rinse mouth with water and consult a doctor or a Poisons Information Centre or Vet (in case of pets) immediately.
• DO NOT use while sleeping, exercising, or near a heat source/other heating device.
• DO NOT microwave or attempt to re-heat. DO NOT shake, rub or perforate Hotteeze.
• Observe the use-by-date on side of package.
• Keep Hotteeze in a cool place, out of direct sunlight.
• DISPOSAL: Once completely cooled, place in non-combustible rubbish. However, since this product uses potassium chloride, not sodium chloride, the contents can be used as soil conditioner, contributing to the reduction of waste. Simply cut the pouch and sprinkle the contents in your garden or pot plants. Dispose carefully out of reach of children and pets. Ingredients Iron Powder, Water, Activated Carbon, Vermiculite, Potassium Chloride.Direction Please read the full Instructions for Use provided with the product prior to using.
Open the packet and expose the pad to air when ready to use. Peel off the backing. Place the adhesive side of the pad ON THE OUTSIDE OF YOUR SOCK underneath your toes. USE ONLY WITH SHOES ON. The pad will heat up gradually. Remove gently after use.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY. AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES. IF IN EYES, RINSE WELLL WITH WATER. IF CONDITION PERSISTS, OR IRRITATION DEVELOPS, STOP USE AND CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR OR PHARMACIST. CONTAINS HYDROXYBENZOATES AS PRESERVATIVES.Description Medi Creme provides first aid treatments for cuts, abrasions, minor sunburns, minor burns and scalds, and non-poisonous bites and stings. Keep Medi Creme at home, in your sports bag or travel bag – ready to provide first aid support when its needed. Medi Creme is your first choice for first aid.Suitable For: For external use.Boxed Contents: Antiseptic CreamSize: 50g Warnings For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If in eyes, rinse well with water. If condition persists, or irritation develops, stop use and consult your doctor or pharmacist. Contains hydroxybenzoates as preservatives. Store below 25°C. Do not use if tamper evident seal is broken or missing. Chlorhexidine can cause severe allergic reactions. Seek immediate medical assistance if this occurs. CautionFor external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If in eyes, rinse welll with water. If condition persists, or irritation develops, stop use and consult your doctor or pharmacist. Contains hydroxybenzoates as preservatives. Store below 25°C. Do not use if tamper evident seal is broken or missing. Ingredients Lidocaine (Lignocaine) hydrochloride monohydrate 20 mg/g
Cetrimide 5 mg/g
Chlorhexidine acetate 1.5 mg/g
Hexamidine isethionate 1.5 mg/gContains: Lidocaine (Lignocaine) hydrochloride monohydrate 20 mg/g
Cetrimide 5 mg/g
Chlorhexidine acetate 1.5 mg/g
Hexamidine isethionate 1.5 mg/g Active Ingredients: Lidocaine (Lignocaine) hydrochloride monohydrate 20 mg/g
Cetrimide 5 mg/g
Chlorhexidine acetate 1.5 mg/g
Hexamidine isethionate 1.5 mg/g Direction Clean affected area before applying Medi Creme once or twice a day.
First aid treatment for cuts, burns, stings and takes the pain out of sunburn.Storage Instructions Store below 25ºC. Do not use if tamper evident seal is broken or missing.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. INCORRECT USE COULD BE HARMFUL.Description Sold as a pair.Support level: Firm/ModerateSuitable For: Plantar Fasciitis Various foot and heel injuries Heel spurs Arch painSize: Small Warnings If you have arterial circulation problems, or if pain persists please consult your medical professional. Ingredients 75% Nylon, 25% Spandex. Does not contain Latex.Direction Place thumbs inside socks and gather material. Slip each foot inside and gradually pull up over heel. Adjust fit in foot and heel until comfortable.
SEEK ADVICE FROM A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL BEFORE USEWarnings SAFETY WARNINGS
WARNING FIRE & BURN HAZARD.
DO NOT OVERHEAT – always follow heating instructions.
DO NOT USE UNDER BEDDING – may catch fire.
DO NOT PLACE INSIDE FABRIC OR CLOTHING – may catch fire.
DO NOT USE IF SMELLS OR LOOKS BURNT – allow to cool first then throw away.
DO NOT LEAVE PACK UNATTENDED IN MICROWAVE – in case of fire.
DO NOT USE DIRECTLY ON SKIN TO AVOID BURNS – use cover or towel between package and skin.
DO NOT USE STRAIGHT FROM MICROWAVE IF TOO HOT – allow to cool down first.
DO NOT USE PACK ON ONE PART OF THE BODY FOR MORE THAN 5 MINS – continuous heat may burn.
USE WITH CAUTION – heat packs can burn skin when used incorrectly and particularly the more delicate skin on children or older people. SUPERVISE children at all times.
FOR HEATING - MICROWAVE ONLY; do not use in gas or electric oven.
It is NOT RECOMMENDED to add oils or fragrances to the pack – these may increase the risk of fire.
NOT RECOMMENDED for people who may have reduced awareness of temperature or feeling in their skin, e.g. diabetics, people with nerve damage, or people with an impairment that prevents them from recognising they may be burnt.
IMPORTANT keep instructions with your pack – READ before every use.
Care Instructions:
Do not wash or wet wheat pack. Sponge outer fabric with a slightly damp cloth. Ensure wheat pack is completely dry before heating.
Store in a cool clean environment.
DO NOT leave wheat pack in the sun.
Dispose of wheat pack completely when worn out, no longer required or shows any signs of burning or degradation. Ingredients WheatDirection HEATING INSTRUCTIONS
Ensure microwave is clean before use.
Step 1. Flatten wheat pack on turntable or bed of the microwave.
Step 2. Heat wheat pack on microwave according to the table below.
MICROWAVE POWER (WATTS) MAXIMUM HEATING TIME
700 watts 1 minute 20 seconds
1000 watts 1 minute
1200 watts 50 seconds
Step 3. Allow to cool and remove carefully from microwave using a towel.
Step 4. DO NOT reheat wheat pack until it has completely cooled.
COOLING INSTRUCTIONS
Step 1. Insert Wheat Pack into a plastic bag to place in the freezer for four hours.
Step 2. Prior to application, remove wheat pack from the plastic bag.
STORAGE: Store wheat pack in a cool clean environment, ideally sealed in a plastic container or plastic bag in the freezer.
ALWAYS FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Elastoplast Flexible Fabric Wound Dressing Plasters with Elastoplast Bacteria Shield* are flexible and breathable fabric strips for your wound needs. This water repellent plaster is able to cover and protect minor wounds against dirt and bacteria. It is suitable for covering all types of smaller, everyday wounds such as scratches, cuts and grazes whilst the material stretches with your skin's movements - making them appropriate for use over joints and other moving parts of the body. The non-stick wound pad helps to ensure that the wound is cushioned and protected while the strong adhesive plaster stays in place. Apply the plaster without stretching to achieve best results. The plaster also contains 0% latex.Always read the label and follow the directions for use.Suitable For: Minor woundsBoxed Contents: 20 Strips (22mm x 72mm)Size: 20 Pack Warnings Always follow the directions for use. Ingredients Not ApplicableDirection Clean wound and gently dry skin. Apply without stretching.Always follow the directions for use.Storage Instructions Store in a cool, dry place.
ALWAYS FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Elastoplast Finger Strip Flexible Fabric Wound Dressing Plasters with Elastoplast Bacteria Shield* are flexible and breathable fabric strips that come in a slender size for easily wrapping around your finger. This water repellent plaster is able to cover and protect minor wounds against dirt and bacteria. It is suitable for covering all types of smaller, everyday wounds such as scratches, cuts and grazes whilst the material stretches with your skin's movements - making them appropriate for use over joints and fingers. The non-stick wound pad helps to ensure that the wound is cushioned and protected while the strong adhesive plaster stays in place. Apply the plaster without stretching to achieve best results. The plaster also contains 0% latex.Always read the label and follow the directions for use.Suitable For: Minor woundsBoxed Contents: 16 Plasters (19mm x 120mm)Size: 16 Pack Warnings Always follow the directions for use. Ingredients Not ApplicableDirection Clean wound and gently dry skin. Apply without stretching.Always follow the directions for use.Storage Instructions Store in a cool, dry place.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Inside every Tough-strips bandage you'll find these technologies:Quilt-Aid Technology: Non-stick pad technology. A unique quilted pad which draws fluid away from the wound.Heavy Duty Fabric: For strengthened protection.Super Stick: Stays on until you want it off.Suitable For: N/ABoxed Contents: 10 PackSize: 10 Pack Warnings Sterile unless individual wrapper is opened or damaged.Skin should be clean and dry before using dressing. Change dressing daily. Single use only.Caution: Not intended for use on delicate skin.The packaging of this product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. Ingredients Not ApplicableActive Ingredients: Not Applicable Direction Skin should be clean and dry before using dressing. Change dressing daily.
Single use only.Storage Instructions Store in a cool, dry place.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Hydro Seal Gel Plasters provide the optimal healing environment (Compared to traditional plasters).1. Stop the bleed and clean the wound.Once the bleeding has stopped, ensure you clean the wound and dry it completely.2. Skip the ointment.To ensure the plaster properly adheres, do not apply creams, ointments or lotions to the wound.3. Seal it up.Carefully remove the white paper tabs and apply the gel plaster directly on the wound. There is no pad.4. Watch it work.Within 24 hours of application the product will begin to swell and a white bubble will appear over the wound. This signals that your body's natural healing process has begun.5. Keep it on - no peeking!This plaster is designed to deliver multi-day protection. You can wear it until it begins to detach.Designed to stay in place.Use this product to cover and protect minor wounds.These are our most advanced plasters. The work differently than traditional plasters.Show it's working - Product will swell and a white bubble will form to show the healing process has begun.Cushioning - Provides protection and relief from painful wounds.Long lasting - Stays on for multiple days, even through hand washing and showers.Dual-action seal - Multi-day protection.Hydrocolloid gel plaster.Suitable For: Knees & elbows.Boxed Contents: 6 All one size, Large Hydrocolloid gel plaster.Size: 6 Warnings WARNING: Diabetics and those with poor circulation should use under the supervision of a Health Care Professional.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do not use on deep puncture wounds, burns, stitches, infected areas, or on children under 2 years of age. Ingredients n/aActive Ingredients: n/a Direction 1. STOP THE BLEED AND CLEAN THE WOUNDOnce the bleeding has stopped, ensure you clean the wound and dry it completely. 2. SKIP THE OINTMENTTo ensure the plaster properly adheres, it is recommended that you do not apply creams, ointments or lotions to the wound.3. SEAL IT UPCarefully remove the white paper tabs and apply the gel plaster directly on the blister. There is no pad.4. WATCH IT WORK Within 24 hours of the application the product will begin to swell and a white bubble will appear showing that the absorption has begun. 5. KEEP IT ON UNTIL IT IS TIME TO REMOVEThis plaster is designed to deliver multi-day protection. You can wear it until it begins to detach then the plaster must be removed. When removal is required, carefully loosen one end by stretching it along the skin. Do not pull upwards.
Sterile: unless individual wrapper is opened or damaged.Storage Instructions Store in a cool Dry Place
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. INCORRECT USE COULD BE HARMFUL.Description Two flexible stabilisers support each side of the thumb to support the thumb joint and reduce the effect of overuse and hyperextension.Support level: StabilisingSuitable For: Lateral Ulnar Ligament Injuries (Skier's Thumb, Gamekeeper's Thumbs, Stener's Lesion), Collateral Ligament Injuries, Carpometacarpal Joint Injuries, Arthritic Pain ManagementSize: One Size Warnings This product contains a synthetic fibre which may cause a reaction. Should irritation occur, discontinue use and seek medical advice. Ingredients Nylon, Polyester, Spandex, Rubber Foam. Does not contain Latex.Direction Slide thumb in the thumb portion of the support. Secure the thumb with fastener, either around the thumb or running along the stays. Fasten wrist and position support so that stays are positioned each side of the thumb. Wrap elastic around wrist and fasten in place. Adjust tension as required.
"DO NOT: • BANDAGE OVER THE PATCH. • CUT, MASSAGE, FOLD OR WET THE PATCH.• USE ON THE FACE OR ON BROKEN SKIN, BRUISES OR SWELLING. • ATTEMPT TO REHEAT IN OVEN OR MICROWAVE.• USE WHILST ASLEEP OR WITH PROLONGED PRESSURE AGAINST PATCH.• USE ON INFANTS, CHILDREN OR PERSONS UNABLE TO REMOVE THE PATCH ON THEIR OWN. • USE WITH OTHER SKIN MEDICATIONS OR OTHER HEAT SOURCES. • USE IF THE PATCH IS DAMAGED OR TORN. • USE ON THE SAME AREA FOR MORE THAN 8 HOURS IN ANY 24 HOUR PERIOD.
ALL HEAT PATCHES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION, BURNS OR BLISTERS. DISCONTINUE USE IF SKIN SENSITIVITY OCCURS OR THE PATCH GETS UNCOMFORTABLY HOT. CONSULT A DOCTOR BEFORE USE IF YOU ARE DIABETIC, PREGNANT, HAVE POOR CIRCULATION, NERVE DAMAGE, A SKIN CONDITION OR AN ALLERGY TO STICKING PLASTERS. FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY. IF SWALLOWED SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL HELP. IF CONTENTS OF THE PATCH COME INTO CONTACT WITH THE SKIN OR EYES RINSE IMMEDIATELY WITH WATER AND SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL HELP.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. IF SYMPTOMS PERSIST, TALK TO YOUR HEALTH PROFESSIONAL."Description "PAIN RELIEF✔ Neck and Shoulder Tension and Pain✔ Joint Pain and StiffnessBENEFITS• ACTIVATES FROM 60 SECONDS so you can Get Back in the Game!• SUSTAINED – lasts for up to 8 hours.• ODOURLESS – discreet relief great for work or social occasions.• MULTI-PURPOSE SIZE – 20cm x 9.5cm great for the neck and common joints.• COMFORTABLE - thin, self-adhesive patch with a size and contoured shape designed for comfort.• EFFECTIVE PAIN RELIEF - works by increasing blood flow to the affected area providing more oxygen and nutrients to aid the healing process and helps restore movement."Ingredients Deep Heat Neck and Joint Pain Patches activate when in contact with air.Direction OPEN ONLY WHEN READY TO USE AS PRODUCT IS AIR ACTIVATED. Tear open plastic packet, remove protective film from patch and apply patch to the affected area on clean dry skin, adhesive side onto the skin. For delicate or aging skin apply adhesive side of patch to clothing. To remove, slowly peel off the patch. After use, dispose in normal household waste.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. INCORRECT USE COULD BE HARMFUL.Description Support level: ModerateSuitable For: Compression and support for weak and injured kneesSize: Large / Extra Large Warnings The product contains natural rubber latex which may cause irritation and reaction. If pain persists, discontinue use and consult your medical professional. Ingredients Nylon, Polyester, Rubber, SpandexDirection Wash support before wear. Place foot into wider end of the sleeve and slide along the knee until the dark circle panel is located over the kneecap (patella). Adjust the sleeve so that it sits comfortably.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Ingredients Not ApplicableDirection Contains emergency products, to be used when first aid of small injuries is required
ALWAYS READ THE INSTRUCTIONS AND USE STRICTLY AS DIRECTED. ALL INJURIES SHOULD BE ASSESSED AND DIAGNOSED BY A QUALIFIED HEALTH PROFESSIONAL.Description Designed by women, for women. Contoured to fit the natural curves of a woman's wrist and arm. Provides comfortable and moderate-stabilising support to injured and weak wrists requiring stabilizationIngredients Not ApplicableDirection Always read the instructions and use strictly as directed. All injuries should be assessed and diagnosed by a qualified health professional.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USEDescription Handyband Conforming is a light, soft, white elastic bandage for dressing retention on high-body-movement areas such as joints. Ideal for active patients, Handyband Conforming is cool and low-bulk. It is highly durable and washable, so it can be re-used, even after prolonged use.Boxed Contents: 1Size: 2.5cm x 1.5m Ingredients n/aDirection Always read the label and follow the directions for use
Description Ideal for those experiencing arthritic symptoms or degenerative joint disease of the thumb. Helps stabilise the lower thumb joints. Allows free movement of the remaining fingers.
Helps aching, sore and weak thumbs with moderate support
Provides stability to your lower thumb joints
Durable lacing system easily adjusts for a snug fit
Ergonomic fit offers great range of motion to remaining fingers
Soft, breathable materials enhance comfort
Convenient design can be worn on either hand
Ingredients Acetal Plastic (POM), Nylon, Polyester, Spandex, PVC, Polyurethane, Rayon, SteelDirection Always read the label. Follow the directions for use.
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE. INCORRECT USE COULD BE HARMFUL.Description Designed for everyday use, the textured palms and fingertip cut outs provide additional grip and a better sense of touch so you can get on with your day-to-day without restriction.Sold as a pair. Support level: ModerateSuitable For: Pain, stiffness or inflammation of the finger joints, Weakness in joints, Visible deformities in the fingersSize: Small Warnings Do not wear within the first 72 hours following an acute injury. This product contains a synthetic fibre, which may cause allergic reactions. Should an irritation or rash develop, discontinue use and seek medical advice. If pain persists, discontinue use and consult your medical professional. Ingredients Outer lining: Nylon Mid layer: Rubber foam Inner lining: Polyester (Does not contain latex).Direction 1. Position the gloves on the right and/or left hand so that the fastener strap is wrapped around the lower forearm. 2. Secure the strap. For thermal treatment to be truly effective, the heat needs to be generated continuously for long periods. Not suitable for wear within 72 hours post-injury. Wear directly against the skin. Do not use heat creams inside the support.
ALWAYS FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Elastoplast Pre-taping Underwrap is a cotton underwrap with a hypoallergenic adhesive for sensitive skin. Designed to be wrapped under sport tapes and adhesive bandages to prevent irritation, friction and chaffing. Most commonly used in conjunction with Elastoplast Elastic Adhesive Bandage or Elastoplast Rigid Strapping Tape. Pre-taping Underwrap is made with a porous cotton construction that allows the skin to breathe freely. With a wave construction backing paper, removal is easy and quick with minimal pain. Also great for securing pads, ice packs, shin guards and socks in place. Using Pre-taping Underwrap adhesive bandages for sensitive skin allows firmer, stronger, stickier bandaging to be placed over the top without worrying about rashes and other skin conditions.Always read the label and follow the directions for use.Suitable For: Suitable for taping: 50mm: Ankles, elbows, knees and wrist.Size: 1 Pack Warnings Always read the label and follow the directions of use. Ingredients Constructed to be as stable as possible with a rubber zinc oxide adhesive mass.Active Ingredients: Not Applicable Direction For skin protection, stability and maximum compression, we recommend using the UTB method:
Underwrap: Use Elastoplast Pre -Taping Underwrap to protect skin
Tape: Use Elastoplast Rigid Strapping Tape for stability to prevent and treat injury
Bandage: Overwrap Elastic Adhesive Bandage for strong compression and extra supportHand-tearable for faster and easier application, no scissors required.Always read the label and follow the directions of use.Storage Instructions Store in a dry place below 30°C. Storage Temperature: Below 30°C.
Due to high demand , this products ran out of stock , please re-check in 24H
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS FOR USE.Description Our Camp Quality strips have been created with kids, for kids, to make protecting cuts, bumps and scrapes more fun!By partnering with Camp Quality, we are ensuring that all kids get the chance to be kids.Pack Size: 15Boxed Contents: 15 Waterproof StripsSize: 15 WATERPROOF STRIPS Warnings Sterile unless individual wrapper is opened or damaged.Skin should be clean and dry before using dressing. Change dressing daily. Single use only.The packaging of this product contains natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions. Ingredients n/aDirection Skin should be clean and dry before using dressing.
Change dressing daily. Single use only.Single use onlyStorage Instructions Store in a cool, dry place.
SEEK ADVICE FROM A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL BEFORE USEWarnings Hand Wash
Do Not Bleach
Do Not Dry Clean
Do Not Tumble Dry
Do Not Dry Clean
Do Not Tumble Dry Ingredients Cotton 80%, Elastodiene (Latex) 11%, Polyamide 9%Direction 1.Measure around the widest part of the affected area and select the appropriate size
2.Cut Bandage to twice the required length for the affected area of the limb
3. Pull over the affected area. Double back over limb. Pull top layer about 3cm past bottom layer
